Currently, the most in-demand audience related to medical cannabis includes:
Chronic Pain Patients: Many individuals with chronic pain conditions are seeking alternatives to traditional pain management methods, including opioids. Medical cannabis is becoming an increasingly popular option for these patients due to its potential for effective pain relief with fewer side effects.
Cancer Patients: Patients undergoing cancer treatment often look to medical cannabis for relief from symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and pain associated with chemotherapy.
Patients with Neurological Disorders: Those suffering from conditions like epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease are also turning to medical cannabis for symptom management, especially in cases where conventional treatments have limited efficacy.
Mental Health Patients: Individuals dealing with anxiety, depression, PTSD, and other mental health conditions are exploring medical cannabis as a complementary therapy to help manage their symptoms.
Elderly Population: As the stigma around cannabis decreases, more elderly patients are considering medical cannabis for various age-related ailments, including chronic pain, arthritis, and insomnia.
Veterans: Many veterans are using medical cannabis to manage PTSD, chronic pain, and other conditions related to their service.
Patients Seeking Alternative Therapies: There is a growing group of patients interested in holistic and integrative medicine approaches, and they view medical cannabis as a natural alternative or complement to pharmaceutical treatments.
Healthcare Providers: Medical professionals are increasingly seeking education and training on the benefits and applications of medical cannabis to better serve their patients and incorporate it into their practice.
Addressing the needs and concerns of these groups can significantly impact the adoption and acceptance of medical cannabis as a legitimate and effective treatment option.
ECS DEFINITIONS:
2-AG: 2-arachidonylglycerol - Endocannabinoid modulating synaptic transmission.
AA: Arachidonic acid - Precursor to eicosanoids, signaling molecules.
ABHD12: α/β-hydrolase domain-containing protein-12 - Degrades 2-AG, neuroprotective.
ABHD6: α/β-hydrolase domain-containing protein-6 - Degrades 2-AG, regulates signaling.
AEA: N-arachidonylethanolamine - Anandamide, neuromodulatory lipid.
CB1: Cannabinoid receptor 1 - CNS receptor for endocannabinoids.
CB2: Cannabinoid receptor 2 - Immune cell receptor.
CNS: Central nervous system - Brain and spinal cord.
COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2 - Enzyme producing prostaglandins.
DAGL: Diacylglycerol lipase - Synthesizes 2-AG from diacylglycerol.
DCs: Dendritic cells - Antigen-presenting immune cells.
DTH: Delayed-type hypersensitivity - T-cell mediated immune response.
ECS: Endocannabinoid system - Regulates homeostasis via cannabinoids.
FAAH: Fatty acid amide hydrolase - Degrades AEA.
FLS: Fibroblast-like synoviocytes - Cells lining joints, involved in RA.
GPR55: G protein-coupled receptor 55 - Novel cannabinoid receptor.
GTP: Guanosine triphosphate - Energy transfer molecule.
LOX: Lipoxygenases - Enzymes oxidizing fatty acids.
LPS: Lipopolysaccharides - Bacterial endotoxins triggering immune response.
MAGL: Monoacylglycerol lipase - Degrades 2-AG, regulates endocannabinoid levels.
MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells - Immune cells inhibiting T-cell function.
MPO: Myeloperoxidase - Enzyme in neutrophils, antimicrobial activity.
MS: Multiple sclerosis - Autoimmune demyelinating CNS disease.
MZ: Marginal zone - Spleen area filtering blood-borne antigens.
NAAA: N-acylethanolamine-selective acid amidase - Degrades PEA.
NAPE: N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine - Precursor to anandamide.
NAPE-PLD: N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D - Converts NAPE to AEA.
OLDA: N-oleoyldopamine - Dopamine conjugate with endocannabinoid activity.
PAF: Platelet-activating factor - Mediator of inflammation, thrombosis.
PDC: Plasmacytoid dendritic cell - Produces interferon, antiviral response.
PEA: Palmitoylethanolamide - Anti-inflammatory endocannabinoid.
PGE-2: Prostaglandin-E2 - Inflammatory mediator, regulates immune responses.
PPARγ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma - Nuclear receptor regulating metabolism.
PTPN22: Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 - Immune signaling regulator.
RA: Rheumatoid arthritis - Autoimmune joint inflammation.
SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus - Autoimmune disease affecting multiple organs.
SRBC: Sheep red blood cells - Model in immunology experiments.
THC: Tetrahydrocannabinol - Psychoactive cannabinoid.
TLR: Toll-like receptor - Recognizes pathogens, activates immune response.
TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor alpha - Pro-inflammatory cytokine.
TRPV1: Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 - Pain and heat receptor.
Anorexigenic: Suppressing appetite and reducing food intake.
Orexigenic: Stimulating appetite and increasing food intake.
NPY: Neuropeptide Y - Stimulates appetite, energy storage.
AgRP: Agouti-related peptide - Increases food intake, inhibits MC4R.
Ghrelin: Growth hormone secretagogue - Hunger hormone, stimulates appetite.
Orexin: Hypocretin - Regulates arousal, appetite, and wakefulness.
MCH: Melanin-concentrating hormone - Promotes feeding behavior and energy balance.
5HT1A: 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A - Serotonin receptor, anxiety modulation.
5HT2A: 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A - Serotonin receptor, involved in hallucinations.
5HT3A: 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A - Serotonin receptor, regulates nausea.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGzG3-Mtmxk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hl9xhXOZRIE
LEARN MORE:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCCuvoxDhu4&t=540s
The human endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex physiological system involved in regulating various processes within the body, including mood, memory, appetite, pain sensation, and immune function. The ECS comprises three main components: endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors, and enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids.
The history of the discovery of the ECS dates back to the 1960s and 1970s when researchers identified the psychoactive component of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and later discovered cannabinoid receptors in the brain. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the first endocannabinoid, anandamide, was isolated, followed by the discovery of the second major endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), in the mid-1990s. This led to the recognition of the ECS as a crucial signaling system in the human body.
The ECS is primarily located throughout the central nervous system (including the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system, although it is also found in various peripheral tissues and organs, such as the immune system, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and adipose tissue.
The structure of the ECS involves cannabinoid receptors, primarily cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), which are G protein-coupled receptors distributed throughout the body. Endocannabinoids, such as anandamide and 2-AG, act as ligands for these receptors, binding to them and initiating cellular signaling cascades. Additionally, enzymes such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) are responsible for the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids, tightly regulating their levels and activity.
The physiology of the ECS components involves a complex interplay between endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors, and enzymes. Endocannabinoids are synthesized on demand in response to various physiological stimuli and act as retrograde messengers, modulating neurotransmitter release and neuronal excitability. Cannabinoid receptors are expressed on presynaptic terminals, where they inhibit neurotransmitter release in a manner that is dependent on the specific cell type and brain region. Enzymes involved in endocannabinoid metabolism tightly control the duration and intensity of endocannabinoid signaling, ensuring its precise regulation.
The clinical significance of the ECS in common diseases is vast and continues to be elucidated through ongoing research. Dysregulation of the ECS has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions, including chronic pain, mood disorders (such as anxiety and depression), neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease), inflammatory conditions (such as inflammatory bowel disease and arthritis), metabolic disorders (such as obesity and diabetes), and addiction. Modulating the ECS through pharmacological interventions targeting cannabinoid receptors or endocannabinoid metabolism holds promise for the development of novel therapeutics for these conditions. However, further research is needed to fully understand the complexities of the ECS and its role in health and disease.
REF:
Di Marzo, V., & Piscitelli, F. (2015). The Endocannabinoid System and its Modulation by Phytocannabinoids. Neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 692–698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0389-3
Pertwee, R. G. (2015). Endocannabinoids and Their Pharmacological Actions. Handb Exp Pharmacol, 231, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20825-1_1
Mechoulam, R., & Parker, L. A. (2013). The Endocannabinoid System and the Brain. Annu Rev Psychol, 64, 21–47. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143739
Russo, E. B. (2008). Cannabinoids in the Management of Difficult to Treat Pain. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 4(1), 245–259. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2503660/
Ligresti, A., De Petrocellis, L., & Di Marzo, V. (2016). From Phytocannabinoids to Cannabinoid Receptors and Endocannabinoids: Pleiotropic Physiological and Pathological Roles Through Complex Pharmacology. Physiol Rev, 96(4), 1593–1659. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00002.2016
Devane, W. A., Hanus, L., & Breuer, A. (1992). Isolation and Structure of a Brain Constituent That Binds to the Cannabinoid Receptor. Science, 258(5090), 1946–1949. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1470919
INTRO - GENERAL CLINICAL CARE - PERSONALIZED CARE - FUTURE OF CANNABIS
Course Title: Medical Cannabis for Qualified Conditions
Course Overview:
This course provides an in-depth understanding of the medical use of cannabis, focusing on its application for qualified conditions in Florida. The curriculum covers the legal, biochemical, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of medical cannabis, preparing future healthcare professionals to integrate cannabis into patient care responsibly and effectively.
Module 1: History and Regulatory Framework
Session 1.1: History and Legal Status of Medical Cannabis
Overview of the history of cannabis legislation - Medical marijuana laws and regulations - Process of obtaining a medical marijuana card
Session 1.2: Regulatory Bodies and Compliance
Role of the Florida DOH (OMMU) - Compliance requirements for healthcare providers and dispensaries - Legal considerations and patient confidentiality
Module 2: Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Cannabis
Session 2.1: Cannabinoids and Their Mechanisms of Action - ECS - Introduction to cannabinoids (THC, CBD, etc.) - Mechanisms of action of cannabinoids
Session 2.2: Terpenes and the Entourage Effect (EE) - Overview of terpenes and their therapeutic properties - The entourage effect - Clinical implications of EE
Module 3: Clinical Applications and Evidence-Based Practices
Session 3.1: Therapeutic Uses of Medical Cannabis
Review of clinical evidence supporting the use of medical cannabis for various conditions (e.g., chronic pain, PTSD, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis)
Case studies and patient outcomes
Session 3.2: Medical Cannabis for Specific Conditions
Detailed exploration of medical cannabis applications for specific qualified conditions in Florida
Condition-specific treatment protocols
Module 4: Dosing, Administration, and Safety
Session 4.1: Principles of Dosing and Administration
Dosing guidelines and titration strategies
Routes of administration and their pharmacokinetic profiles
Personalized medicine approach to dosing
Session 4.2: Safety, Side Effects, and Contraindications
Common side effects and how to manage them
Contraindications and risk factors
Monitoring and follow-up care
Module 5: Patient-Centered Care and Ethical Considerations
Session 5.1: Developing Patient-Centered Treatment Plans
Assessing patient needs and treatment goals
Educating patients about medical cannabis
Ongoing monitoring and adjustments to treatment plans
Session 5.2: Ethical and Legal Considerations in Medical Cannabis Use
Ethical dilemmas and considerations in prescribing medical cannabis
Legal responsibilities and protecting patient rights
Informed consent and patient autonomy
Module 6: Drug Interactions and Integrative Approaches
Session 6.1: Interactions with Pharmaceuticals
Potential interactions between medical cannabis and other medications
Managing polypharmacy in patients using medical cannabis
Case studies of drug interactions
Session 6.2: Integrative and Complementary Therapies
Combining medical cannabis with other therapeutic modalities
Holistic approaches to patient care
Future directions in integrative medicine
Module 7: Research and Future Directions
Session 7.1: Current Research and Clinical Trials
Overview of current research on medical cannabis
Analysis of ongoing and upcoming clinical trials
Research gaps and future opportunities
Session 7.2: Innovations and Future Trends
Emerging trends in medical cannabis
Technological advancements in cannabis cultivation and product development
Predicting future developments in cannabis medicine
Course Assessment:
Midterm and final exams (multiple-choice and short-answer questions)
Case study analysis and presentation
Research paper on a selected topic related to medical cannabis
Participation in class discussions and group activities
Recommended Reading:
"Medical Cannabis: A Guide for Patients, Practitioners, and Caregivers" by Michael Backes
"Cannabis Pharmacy: The Practical Guide to Medical Marijuana" by Michael Backes
Relevant articles from peer-reviewed medical journals
Here are five of the most potent anti-tumor plant molecules based on recent research:
Cannabidiol (CBD): While CBD has a low affinity for both CB1 and CB2 receptors, it acts as an antagonist or inverse agonist at these sites. It is included due to its widespread availability and regulatory approval as well as its indirect effects on the endocannabinoid system, including modulation of CB2 receptor functions.
Curcumin: Found in the spice turmeric (Curcuma longa), curcumin is studied for its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. It's been shown to affect multiple cellular mechanisms related to cancer progression.
Resveratrol: This compound, found in the skins of red grapes, peanuts, and berries, has been noted for its anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and heart-healthy effects. It interferes with cancer cell growth and can induce cancer cell death.
Beta-caryophyllene: Found in essential oils of numerous spice and food plants such as black caraway, oregano, and cinnamon, beta-caryophyllene selectively binds to the CB2 receptor and functions as a full agonist. It's known for its potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties without psychoactive effects.
Taxol (Paclitaxel): Derived from the bark of the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia), Taxol is one of the best-known plant-derived chemotherapy agents, used primarily in the treatment of breast, ovarian, and lung cancers. It functions by stabilizing microtubules and preventing cell division.
Vincristine: Extracted from the Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), Vincristine is crucial in the treatment of lymphomas and leukemias. It works by inhibiting microtubule formation in the cell, which is essential for cell division.
Benzophenanthridine alkaloids: These compounds, found in plants like the poppy (Papaveraceae), have shown strong potential in cancer treatment due to their ability to inhibit DNA topoisomerases, which are enzymes crucial for DNA replication.
JWH133: Although synthetic, it is worth mentioning due to its high specificity and potency towards the CB2 receptor. JWH133 is a derivative of THC and shows significant potential in modulating immune responses and treating inflammatory diseases, without the psychoactive effects associated with CB1 receptor activation.
Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) Usage: Integrate EGCG from green tea into dietary supplements for RCC patients to potentially inhibit tumor growth and promote apoptosis by upregulating TFPI-2.
Combination Therapies: Consider combining EGCG with TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) to enhance the reduction of cell viability in RCC treatment.
Englerin A Administration: Investigate the development of non-lethal derivatives of Englerin A for RCC treatment to avoid toxicity while utilizing its potential to induce necrosis and apoptosis.
Quercetin Implementation: Include quercetin-rich foods (such as tea, onions, grapes, and apples) or supplements in RCC patient diets to potentially inhibit cancer cell proliferation and enhance the effectiveness of other anticancer therapies.
Curcumin Supplementation: Utilize curcumin from turmeric as a chemopreventive agent in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs to increase efficacy and induce apoptosis in RCC cells.
Resveratrol Use: Integrate resveratrol from grapes into treatment protocols to inhibit tumor growth, induce apoptosis, and suppress angiogenesis in RCC.
Coumarin Utilization: Explore the use of coumarin and its derivatives from various plants (like lavender and sweet grass) as part of RCC treatment to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and metastasis.
Clinical Trials for Natural Products: Conduct clinical trials to assess the effectiveness of these natural compounds (e.g., isoquercetin with sunitinib) in reducing side effects and improving outcomes for RCC patients.
Multi-targeted Approaches: Develop treatment plans that leverage the multi-targeted mechanisms of natural compounds like curcumin and resveratrol to combat RCC through various pathways (e.g., PI3K/AKT, mTOR, and STAT3/5 signaling).
Natural Products in Prevention Strategies: Promote the use of these natural products as part of preventive strategies in populations at high risk for RCC to potentially lower cancer incidence and improve early-stage detection and treatment outcomes.
The highest risk factors for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) include:
Age: Over 45 years, average diagnosis at 60. Gender: Higher risk in men.
Smoking: Significantly increases risk. Obesity: Higher BMI linked to increased risk.
Hypertension: Associated with greater likelihood.
Family History: Genetic predisposition.
Genetic Factors: Conditions like von Hippel-Lindau disease, HLRCC, Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome.
Chronic Kidney Disease: Especially those on dialysis.
Occupational Exposures: Chemicals like asbestos, cadmium, some herbicides.
Certain Medications: Long-term NSAID use.
Race: Slightly higher risk in African Americans.
Low Back Pain - 540m WW. American Chronic Pain Association (ACPA), Spine Health Foundation, North American Spine Society (NASS). Research: CBD shows anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects
Headaches - 1 in 20 adults daily. 1 in 6 have migraines. American Headache Society (AHS), National Headache Foundation, Migraine Research Foundation. R: THC and CBD reduce migraine frequency and intensity
Arthritis Pain - 350 million people worldwide. US 54 m Arthritis Foundation, American College of Rheumatology, Arthritis Society. R: CBD reduces arthritis pain and inflammation
Neuropathic Pain - 7-10% of the global pop Neuropathy Action Foundation, The Foundation for Peripheral Neuropathy, Neuropathy Support Network Research: CBD and THC alleviate neuropathic pain by targeting ECS
Dental Pain WW Common in 12% of adults annually US American Dental Association (ADA), International Association for Dental Research, Academy of General Dentistry (AGD). R: Cannabinoids help manage dental pain through anti-inflammatory properties
Postoperative Pain - Common globally post-surgery. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), American Pain Society (APS). Research: CBD and THC reduce opioid use and manage postoperative pain
Fibromyalgia - 2-4% of the global population. US: 4 million adults in the U.S. National Fibromyalgia Association, Fibromyalgia Network, American Fibromyalgia Syndrome Association (AFSA) Research: CBD and THC reduce fibromyalgia symptoms
Menstrual Pain - 84% of women w w . US women of reproductive age. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), Endometriosis Association, International Pelvic Pain Society Research: THC and CBD alleviate menstrual pain and cramps
Cancer Pain - 30-50% of cancer pts have pain US 600,000+ deaths/y, many experiencing significant pain American Cancer Society (ACS), Cancer Support Community, National Cancer Institute (NCI) Research: THC and CBD manage cancer pain and chemotherapy side effects
Muscle Pain (Myalgia) 15% of adults ww US - those who are physically active. American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) R: CBD and THC reduce muscle pain through anti-inflammatory effects
Low Back Pain: CBD for Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects
Headaches: THC and CBD for Migraine Management
Arthritis Pain: CBD in Arthritis Pain Management
Neuropathic Pain: Cannabinoids and Neuropathic Pain
Dental Pain: Cannabinoids for Dental Pain Management
Postoperative Pain: Cannabinoids in Postoperative Pain Reduction
Fibromyalgia: CBD and THC in Fibromyalgia
Menstrual Pain: Cannabinoids for Menstrual Pain
Cancer Pain: THC and CBD for Cancer Pain Management
Muscle Pain: Cannabinoids for Muscle Pain Relief
THC and CBD Interaction with CB1 and CB2 Receptors:
- THC:
- CB1: Partial agonist. Responsible for psychoactive effects.
- CB2: Partial agonist. Contributes to anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties.
- CBD:
- CB1: Negative allosteric modulator. Reduces THC's psychoactive effects.
- CB2: Modulator. Enhances anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.
Combined Effects:
- CBD can reduce THC's psychoactive effects and enhance therapeutic benefits, such as pain relief and reduced inflammation.
References:
1. Pertwee, R. G. (2008). The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. British Journal of Pharmacology, 153(2), 199-215.
2. Iversen, L. (2003). Cannabis and the brain. Brain, 126(6), 1252-1270.
3. Devane, W. A., Dysarz, F. A., Johnson, M. R., Melvin, L. S., & Howlett, A. C. (1988). Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Molecular Pharmacology, 34(5), 605-613.
The technology to discover chemical structures developed over several centuries, with significant milestones marking its evolution. Here is an overview of key developments:
Early Theories and Discoveries (17th - 18th Centuries):
Robert Boyle (1661): Published "The Sceptical Chymist," challenging the classical elements theory and laying groundwork for modern chemistry.
Antoine Lavoisier (1789): Established the law of conservation of mass and identified elements as basic substances that could not be broken down.
19th Century Advances:
John Dalton (1808): Introduced atomic theory, proposing that elements are composed of atoms, and compounds are combinations of these atoms.
Friedrich Wöhler (1828): Synthesized urea, challenging the belief that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms.
August Kekulé (1857): Proposed the structure of benzene and the idea of carbon atoms forming chains.
Spectroscopy and Crystallography (Late 19th - Early 20th Century):
Joseph von Fraunhofer (1814): Developed the spectroscope, leading to the study of absorption and emission spectra.
William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg (1913): Developed X-ray crystallography, allowing the determination of the 3D structures of crystals at the atomic level.
20th Century Developments:
NMR Spectroscopy (1940s): Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was developed, enabling the study of molecular structure through the interaction of nuclear spins with magnetic fields.
Mass Spectrometry (1950s): Advanced significantly, allowing the precise determination of molecular weights and structures of compounds.
X-ray Crystallography (1950s): Used to determine the structure of DNA by James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins.
Modern Computational Methods (Late 20th - 21st Century):
Computational Chemistry: Development of powerful computers and software for molecular modeling, enabling the prediction and visualization of complex chemical structures.
Cryo-Electron Microscopy (2010s): Allows the imaging of biomolecules in near-atomic detail without the need for crystallization.
Discovery Method: CBD was first isolated from Cannabis sativa in 1940 by Roger Adams and his colleagues at the University of Illinois.
Technique: The isolation involved extraction from the plant material using organic solvents, followed by various forms of chromatography to separate and purify the compound. The structure was later fully elucidated using spectroscopic methods, including NMR spectroscopy.
Discovery Method: THC was isolated and identified in 1964 by Raphael Mechoulam and Yechiel Gaoni at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Technique: Similar to CBD, the isolation involved extraction from cannabis using organic solvents, followed by chromatographic techniques. The structure was determined using a combination of chemical synthesis, degradation studies, and spectroscopic methods, including mass spectrometry and NMR.
Discovery Method: Anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid, was discovered in 1992 by Raphael Mechoulam, Lumír Hanuš, William Devane, and Roger Pertwee.
Technique: The discovery involved biochemical assays to identify compounds that bind to the cannabinoid receptors. Anandamide was isolated from pig brain using lipid extraction and chromatography, and its structure was determined using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy.
Discovery Method: 2-AG was independently discovered in the mid-1990s by Raphael Mechoulam's group and by Shimon Ben-Shabat in Israel and by researchers in Japan.
Technique: The identification involved lipid extraction from animal tissues, followed by chromatographic separation. The structure of 2-AG was determined using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, similar to the methods used for anandamide.
Discovery Method: The cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, were discovered in the late 1980s and early 1990s through pharmacological studies.
Technique: The discovery of CB1 was made through the binding of radiolabeled synthetic cannabinoids to brain tissue, leading to the identification and cloning of the receptor in 1990 by Lisa Matsuda and colleagues. CB2 was identified shortly thereafter in immune cells. Techniques used included radioligand binding assays, molecular cloning, and gene sequencing.
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. It is widely used to determine the composition, structure, and quantity of chemical compounds. Here are the key steps and components involved in MS:
Ionization: The sample is ionized to form charged particles (ions). Common ionization methods include:
Electron Ionization (EI): Electrons bombard the sample, causing ionization.
Electrospray Ionization (ESI): The sample is sprayed through a fine nozzle in the presence of an electric field, forming ions.
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI): The sample is embedded in a matrix and ionized by a laser.
Mass Analyzer: The ions are separated based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Types of mass analyzers include:
Quadrupole: Uses oscillating electric fields to filter ions by m/z.
Time-of-Flight (TOF): Measures the time it takes for ions to travel a fixed distance, which is related to their m/z.
Ion Trap: Traps ions using electric fields and sequentially ejects them based on m/z.
Orbitrap: Measures ion frequencies in an electric field, which correspond to m/z.
Detector: Detects the ions and generates a signal proportional to the number of ions. Common detectors include electron multipliers and Faraday cups.
Data Analysis: The resulting spectrum displays peaks corresponding to different m/z values. The intensity of each peak indicates the relative abundance of ions.
Applications: MS is used in chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, and environmental science for:
Identifying unknown compounds.
Determining the molecular structure and composition of molecules.
Quantifying the concentration of specific compounds in a sample.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to determine the structure of organic compounds by studying the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. Here's how NMR works:
Sample Preparation: The sample is dissolved in a suitable solvent and placed in a strong magnetic field.
Magnetic Field and Radiofrequency (RF) Pulse: When nuclei with magnetic properties (e.g., hydrogen-1, carbon-13) are placed in a magnetic field, they align with the field. An RF pulse is applied, causing the nuclei to absorb energy and move to a higher energy state.
Relaxation and Signal Detection: After the RF pulse, the nuclei relax back to their lower energy state, emitting RF signals in the process. These signals are detected by the NMR instrument.
Fourier Transform: The detected signals are transformed into a frequency spectrum using Fourier Transform, providing information about the chemical environment of the nuclei.
Chemical Shift: The position of each signal (chemical shift) in the spectrum is measured in parts per million (ppm) relative to a reference standard (e.g., tetramethylsilane, TMS). The chemical shift provides information about the electronic environment of the nuclei.
Spin-Spin Coupling: Interactions between neighboring nuclei (spin-spin coupling) cause splitting of the signals into multiplets, providing information about the number of adjacent nuclei and their spatial arrangement.
Applications: NMR is used in chemistry, biochemistry, and medicine for:
Determining the structure of organic compounds, including small molecules and macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids.
Studying molecular dynamics, interactions, and conformations.
Identifying and quantifying compounds in mixtures.
Imaging (MRI) in medical diagnostics.
Both MS and NMR are powerful techniques that complement each other in structural determination and analysis of chemical compounds.
Psoriasis
Prevalence: Affects about 7.5 million people in the U.S. and over 125 million worldwide.
Receptor Mechanisms: Involves Th17 cells and IL-17 receptor-mediated inflammatory responses.
Phytocannabinoids Mechanism: Cannabinoids inhibit keratinocyte proliferation and can modulate the immune response, potentially through CB2 receptors which influence inflammatory processes.
Research Reference: Wilkinson, J.D., and Williamson, E.M. (2007). Cannabinoids inhibit human keratinocyte proliferation through a non-CB1/CB2 mechanism.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Prevalence: Affects 1.5 million in the U.S. and more than 23 million globally.
Receptor Mechanisms: Involves Fc receptor, RANK, and cytokine receptors for TNF-alpha and IL-6.
Phytocannabinoids Mechanism: Cannabinoids have shown anti-inflammatory properties and analgesic effects, possibly by interacting with CB2 receptors on immune cells.
Research Reference: Fitzcharles, M.A., et al. (2016). Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Prevalence: Nearly 1 million people in the U.S. and approximately 2.8 million worldwide.
Receptor Mechanisms: Dysregulation of T-cell receptors and integrin receptors.
Phytocannabinoids Mechanism: Cannabinoids such as CBD and THC can modulate the immune system and reduce neuroinflammation and demyelination, acting through both CB1 and CB2 receptors.
Research Reference: Zajicek, J., et al. (2012). Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: Safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow up.
Type 1 Diabetes
Prevalence: About 1.25 million Americans and millions more globally are affected.
Receptor Mechanisms: Autoantibodies target insulin receptor sites; involves HLA molecules.
Phytocannabinoids Mechanism: CBD has been shown to delay the onset of Type 1 diabetes in animals by reducing the autoimmune attack on pancreatic cells.
Research Reference: Lehmann, C., et al. (2016). Cannabidiol lowers incidence of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Prevalence: Approximately 3 million in the U.S. and globally affecting many more.
Receptor Mechanisms: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors and integrins.
Phytocannabinoids Mechanism: THC and CBD may help reduce intestinal inflammation through interaction with CB1 and CB2 receptors, which modulate gut inflammatory response.
Research Reference: Naftali, T., et al. (2013). Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn's disease: a prospective placebo-controlled study.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Prevalence: About 200,000 to 500,000 in the U.S. with varying global estimates.
Receptor Mechanisms: Autoantibodies activate complement receptors; BLyS receptor involvement.
Phytocannabinoids Mechanism: Limited research, but cannabinoids may have immunomodulatory effects that could benefit SLE patients.
Research Reference: Aranow, C. (2014). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Cannabis: An Analysis of the Current Evidence.
Celiac Disease
Prevalence: Affects about 1% of the global population, including 1% of the U.S. population.
Receptor Mechanisms: Involvement of HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 on antigen-presenting cells.
Phytocannabinoids Mechanism: Anecdotal evidence suggests cannabis may help manage gastrointestinal symptoms, though no clinical guidelines support this.
Research Reference: No substantial research directly linking cannabis with Celiac disease management.
Sjögren’s Syndrome
Prevalence: Estimated 0.1% to 4% of the U.S. population and similarly globally.
Receptor Mechanisms: Muscarinic receptors targeted by autoantibodies.
Phytocannabinoids Mechanism: Very limited research; anecdotal evidence suggests cannabis may alleviate dryness symptoms.
Research Reference: No significant studies on cannabis and Sjögren’s Syndrome.
Graves' Disease
Prevalence: About 1 in every 200 people in the U.S., with similar global rates.
Receptor Mechanisms: Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is stimulated by autoantibodies.
Phytocannabinoids Mechanism: Research is scarce; use of cannabis primarily focuses on symptom management rather than disease modulation.
Research Reference: No direct studies focusing on Graves' Disease and cannabis.
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Prevalence: Affects up to 2% of the U.S. population. Global prevalence varies.
Receptor Mechanisms: Autoantibodies cause inhibition of the TSHR.
Phytocannabinoids Mechanism: Similar to Graves' Disease, research is limited and focuses on symptom management.
Research Reference: No specific studies primarily focusing on cannabis use for Hashimoto's.
Psoriasis
Terpenes Mechanism: Myrcene and limonene may reduce inflammation by inhibiting key inflammatory pathways and cytokines involved in psoriasis.
Research Reference: Ständer, S., et al. (2020). Terpenes and the skin: Current evidence and future perspectives.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Terpenes Mechanism: Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) binds to the CB2 receptor, which may help in reducing inflammation in joints affected by RA.
Research Reference: Russo, E.B. (2011). Taming THC: Potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Terpenes Mechanism: Pinene has shown potential in reducing inflammation and aiding in bronchodilation which could help with symptomatic relief in MS.
Research Reference: Bacelli, C., et al. (2019). Alpha-pinene and beta-pinene: Promising pharmacological agents against inflammatory diseases?
Type 1 Diabetes
Terpenes Mechanism: Linalool and myrcene have shown potential in modulating immune responses, which could theoretically be beneficial in Type 1 Diabetes.
Research Reference: Silva, A.C.R., et al. (2018). Anti-inflammatory effects of linalool in animal models of various inflammatory diseases.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Terpenes Mechanism: Limonene and myrcene may help reduce gastrointestinal inflammation through their anti-inflammatory properties.
Research Reference: Amoah, S.K., et al. (2017). Limonene and its anti-inflammatory properties: A promising agent for IBD.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Terpenes Mechanism: Geraniol has demonstrated immune-modulating effects that could potentially help in managing SLE.
Research Reference: Martins, M.L., et al. (2016). Geraniol and the immune response: Review article.
Celiac Disease
Terpenes Mechanism: Eucalyptol may help reduce intestinal inflammation, although direct studies on celiac disease are limited.
Research Reference: Santos, F.A., et al. (2000). Anti-inflammatory effects of eucalyptol.
Sjögren’s Syndrome
Terpenes Mechanism: Terpenes like limonene may help alleviate dryness symptoms by modulating mucous secretion pathways.
Research Reference: Johnson, J.J., et al. (2019). A review on the potential of citrus terpenes in inflammatory and other disease states.
Graves' Disease
Terpenes Mechanism: Terpenes such as limonene and myrcene may have a supportive role in symptom management, though direct evidence is lacking.
Research Reference: No specific studies focusing on Graves' Disease and terpenes.
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Terpenes Mechanism: There is potential for terpenes like myrcene to influence inflammatory pathways, although specific research on Hashimoto's is limited.
Research Reference: No direct studies focusing on Hashimoto's and terpenes.
Marijuana and Pancreatic Cancer: 5 Things to Know - This article provides insights on how cancer patients, including those with pancreatic cancer, find relief from pain and appetite stimulation through medical marijuana (Pancreatic Cancer Action Network).
Cannabinoids for Adult Cancer-Related Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - A systematic review focusing on the use of cannabinoids, including cannabis, for managing cancer-related pain (BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care).
A Randomized Trial of Medical Cannabis in Patients with Advanced Cancer - Discusses a trial focusing on the effects of cannabis on symptoms like pain, nausea, and anxiety in patients with advanced cancer (Springer).
Pancreatic Cancer: Cannabis Compound May Boost Survival - Reports on a study suggesting that cannabidiol, a cannabis compound, could help improve survival rates in pancreatic cancer (Medical News Today).
A Selective Review of Medical Cannabis in Cancer Pain Management - Reviews the evidence supporting the use of medical cannabis in managing chronic or neuropathic pain in advanced cancer patients (Annals of Palliative Medicine (APM)).
NOTE: Computational drug discovery approaches have been used to screen phytochemicals from Senna singueana for potential inhibitors against pancreatic cancer (Springer). Moreover, phytochemicals such as flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, and coumarins have shown promising anti-cancer efficacy, suggesting their roles in inhibiting tumor growth, recurrence, metastasis, and overcoming treatment resistance (RSC Publishing).
Reasons for cannabidiol use: a cross-sectional study of CBD users, focusing on self-perceived stress, anxiety, and sleep problems Concise.
Found here - https://jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42238-021-00061-5
Plus 3 more - https://www.singlecare.com/blog/cbd-survey/ , https://www.statista.com/statistics/1182688/leading-reasons-why-american-adults-use-cbd/ , https://www.crossrivertherapy.com/research/cbd-statistics
Summary: This cross-sectional study conducted in the UK with 387 CBD users found that individuals take CBD to manage self-perceived anxiety, stress, sleep, and other symptoms, often in low doses, and these patterns vary by demographic characteristics, indicating the need for further research to understand how low doses might impact mental health symptoms.
Five Statistical Key Points:
The study sample consisted of 387 current or past-CBD users, of which 61.2% were females, mostly between 25 and 54 years old (72.2%), and primarily based in the UK (77.4%).
The top reasons for using CBD were self-perceived anxiety (42.6%), sleep problems (42.5%), stress (37%), and general health and well-being (37%).
Fifty-four percent of participants reported using less than 50 mg CBD daily, and 72.6% used CBD sublingually.
Adjusted logistic models showed that females had lower odds than males of using CBD for general health and well-being [OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.30–0.72] and post-workout muscle soreness [OR 0.46, 95%CI 0.24–0.91] but had higher odds of using it for self-perceived anxiety [OR 1.60, 95% CI 0.02–2.49] and insomnia [OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.13–3.11].
Older individuals had lower odds of using CBD for general health and well-being, stress, post-workout sore muscles, anxiety, skin conditions, focusing, and sleep but had higher odds of using CBD for pain.
MEDICAL USES
Pain Management - Pain, including chronic pain and arthritis/joint pain, is the most frequently reported condition for CBD use, with up to 64% of users in one survey citing it as a reason for their CBD consumption.
Anxiety and Stress - Anxiety and stress are also primary reasons for CBD use, with about 42.6% to 49% of users reporting use for these conditions across different surveys. This includes general anxiety, stress relief, and specific anxiety disorders.
Sleep Disorders - Sleep problems, including insomnia and general sleep improvement, are common uses of CBD, with about 42% to 42.5% of individuals using CBD for sleep-related issues.
Depression - Around 26% of CBD users take it for depression, indicating its use in managing mood disorders alongside anxiety.
Arthritis - Specifically mentioned by 27% of users, arthritis is a significant reason for CBD use, likely overlapping with the broader category of pain management.
Migraines and Headaches - Migraines and headaches are cited by 21% of CBD users as a reason for use, pointing towards its application in treating these specific types of pain.
Other Mental Health Conditions - Conditions like PTSD and ADHD are also reasons for CBD use, mentioned by 8% of users, showing the broad application of CBD in managing various mental health issues.
Digestive Issues - CBD is used by 8% of individuals for digestive issues, indicating its potential benefits for gastrointestinal health.
Acne or Skin Care - Skin-related issues, including acne, are a less common but notable reason for CBD use, with 6% of users reporting this application.
General Health Benefits - Some users, about 5%, take CBD for general health benefits without specifying particular conditions, suggesting a preventive or wellness-oriented approach to CBD consumption.
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ADULT USES
Relaxation and Stress Relief - Many adults use cannabis to unwind after a long day, reduce stress, and promote relaxation.
Socialization - Cannabis is often used socially to enhance interactions and experiences at gatherings, parties, and social events.
Enhancement of Sensory Experiences - Users often report that cannabis enhances sensory experiences, such as listening to music, eating food, and engaging in outdoor activities.
Creativity Boost - Some users consume cannabis to boost creativity, finding it helps with artistic expression, writing, music production, and brainstorming.
Sleep Improvement - Although also a medical use, many adults use cannabis recreationally to improve sleep quality or to help with insomnia.
Mood Elevation - Cannabis is used to elevate mood, induce euphoria, or simply to enjoy a pleasant high.
Exploration of Consciousness - Some individuals use cannabis for introspection, spiritual exploration, or to achieve a different state of consciousness.
Pain Relief - While also a medical use, adults without a medical prescription may use cannabis for general pain relief, such as alleviating headaches, muscle soreness, or other minor aches.
Appetite Stimulation - Known as "the munchies," cannabis is used to stimulate appetite, enhancing the enjoyment of food and eating.
Recreation and Entertainment - Finally, many people use cannabis simply for recreational purposes, such as enhancing the enjoyment of movies, video games, or other leisure activities.
University of California, San Diego (UCSD) - Home to the Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research (CMCR), UCSD has been a leader in conducting rigorous scientific studies to assess the safety and efficacy of cannabis and cannabinoids for various health conditions (UCSD CMCR).
University of Utah - With its Center for Medical Cannabis Research, the University of Utah has launched new research initiatives to advance the understanding of medical cannabis, aiming to help patients and providers make informed health decisions (University of Utah Healthcare).
McGill University - The McGill Research Centre for Cannabis in Canada focuses on understanding cannabis use and its effects on health and society, providing evidence-based information to the scientific community, regulatory bodies, physicians, and patients (McGill University).
University of Maryland - Offers a Master of Science in Medical Cannabis Science and Therapeutics, highlighting its commitment to education and research in the field of medical cannabis (Shady Grove).
Yale School of Medicine - Plans to establish a research center to study the effects of cannabis and cannabinoids on neurodevelopment and mental health, underlining its investment in understanding cannabis-related health outcomes (Yale School of Medicine).
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS ...
University of California, Irvine focuses on the medical, legal, and cultural aspects of cannabis, including studies on how cannabis affects the brain over a lifetime.
University of California, Los Angeles analyzes the chemical makeup of cannabis plants and cannabinoids, backed by significant research grants.
University of California, San Francisco delves into community, health, and environmental effects of cannabis, with significant funding for studies on cannabis exposure's developmental effects.
University of Connecticut explores cannabis & hemp through studies in economics and molecular genetics, among others, supported by over $1 million in research funding.
Colorado State University – Pueblo hosts the Institute of Cannabis Research, focusing on cultivation and research updates.
Cornell University has a long-term hemp breeding program aimed at discovering varieties most compatible with New York’s climate.
Florida A&M University offers a foundational online medical cannabis education course and virtual forums, focusing on equitable impact.
Oregon State University houses the Global Hemp Innovation Center, one of the largest hemp research centers in the nation.
Naugatuck Valley Community College and Niagara County Community College offer undergraduate programs with electives in medical applications of cannabis, among others.
Northern Michigan University, Pacific College of Health and Science, Pennsylvania Institute of Technology, Rowan University, Southern Illinois University – Carbondale, Southwestern Illinois College, Stockton University, SUNY Erie, and SUNY Morrisville provide various degrees, minors, and certificates focusing on cannabis studies, business, horticulture, and medical therapeutics.
Additionally, prominent researchers and facilities around the world contributing to cannabis research include Richard Huntsman, Christian Lehmann, Irit Akirav, Abdullateef Isiaka Alagbonsi, Esther Shohami, Dr. Franjo Grotenhermen, and institutions in countries like Israel, Netherlands, Uruguay, Czech Republic, Canada, and Spain, showcasing a global effort in advancing the understanding and applications of medical cannabis.
For more comprehensive insights and programs, universities like Thomas Jefferson University offer a Master of Science in medical cannabis science and business, while Oaksterdam University, Cannabis Training University, THC University, Healer, Trichome Institute, and The Medical Cannabis Institute provide a range of certification programs across various cannabis-related fields (Leafly) (Leafly) (Leafly) (Veriheal) (CBD Oracle).
Georgia Department of Public Health - Low THC Oil Registry: This is the official resource for patients and caregivers in Georgia looking to legally obtain low THC oil, a form of medical cannabis. The department provides guidance on the registry process, qualifying conditions, and how to obtain a Low THC Oil Registry Card.
Website: Georgia DPH Low THC Oil Registry
Georgia Access to Medical Cannabis Commission: This commission is responsible for overseeing the licensing of companies that grow and process medical cannabis in Georgia. They also provide regulatory details and updates about the medical cannabis industry in the state.
Medical cannabis and CBD have garnered attention for their diverse therapeutic applications. Among the top five uses are:
CHRONIC PAIN MANAGEMENT: Both medical cannabis and CBD have demonstrated efficacy in alleviating chronic pain associated with conditions such as neuropathy, arthritis, and multiple sclerosis, offering relief to patients where conventional treatments fall short (Bachhuber et al., 2018; Boehnke et al., 2019).
ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION RELIEF: Studies indicate that medical cannabis and CBD exhibit anxiolytic and antidepressant properties, offering potential relief for individuals grappling with anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Turna et al., 2019; Blessing et al., 2015).
EPILEPSY TREATMENT: CBD, in particular, has shown promise in reducing the frequency and severity of seizures in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy, leading to the approval of Epidiolex, a CBD-based medication, by the FDA (Devinsky et al., 2017; Thiele et al., 2018).
NAUSEA AND VOMITING CONTROL: Medical cannabis has been utilized to mitigate nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy, offering cancer patients a potential adjunctive therapy to manage treatment-related side effects (Whiting et al., 2015; Smith et al., 2020).
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS: Emerging research suggests that medical cannabis and CBD hold potential in managing symptoms associated with neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, though further investigation is warranted (Pisanti et al., 2017; Koppel et al., 2014).
SLEEP DISORDERS MANAGEMENT: Medical cannabis and CBD have been explored for their potential to improve sleep quality and treat insomnia, with some studies suggesting positive outcomes in promoting sleep initiation and reducing sleep disturbances (Babson et al., 2017; Shannon et al., 2019).
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) RELIEF: Preliminary research indicates that cannabinoids may possess anti-inflammatory properties beneficial in alleviating symptoms associated with inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, potentially providing patients with a new avenue for symptom management (Naftali et al., 2013; Irving et al., 2018).
GLAUCOMA TREATMENT: Medical cannabis has long been investigated for its potential to lower intraocular pressure, a hallmark of glaucoma, though its efficacy and safety as a standalone treatment remain a subject of debate among researchers and clinicians (Nucci et al., 2013; Miller, 2018).
PTSD SYMPTOM RELIEF: Some studies suggest that medical cannabis and CBD may offer relief from symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including intrusive thoughts, nightmares, and hyperarousal, though further research is needed to elucidate their therapeutic potential fully (Jetly et al., 2015; Elms et al., 2019).
APPETITE STIMULATION: Medical cannabis, particularly strains rich in THC, is known for its appetite-stimulating effects, commonly referred to as "the munchies." This property has found utility in patients experiencing appetite loss due to conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and eating disorders (Foltin et al., 1988; Farrimond et al., 2012).
References:
Babson, K. A., Sottile, J., & Morabito, D. (2017). Cannabis, cannabinoids, and sleep: a review of the literature. Current psychiatry reports, 19(4), 23.
Shannon, S., Lewis, N., Lee, H., & Hughes, S. (2019). Cannabidiol in anxiety and sleep: A large case series. The Permanente Journal, 23, 18-041.
References:
Bachhuber, M. A., Saloner, B., Cunningham, C. O., & Barry, C. L. (2018). Medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in the United States, 1999-2010. JAMA internal medicine, 174(10), 1668-1673.
Boehnke, K. F., Scott, J. R., Litinas, E., Sisley, S., Williams, D. A., & Clauw, D. J. (2019). Pills to pot: observational analyses of cannabis substitution among medical cannabis users with chronic pain. The Journal of Pain, 20(7), 830-841.
When considering supplements for children, it's essential to consult with a pediatrician to ensure safety and appropriateness. Generally, the following supplements are considered safe for children when taken in appropriate dosages:
Multivitamins: Especially beneficial if the child has a limited diet or specific deficiencies.
Vitamin D: Important for bone health, especially in regions with limited sunlight exposure.
Calcium: Essential for bone development and growth.
Iron: Necessary for preventing anemia, especially in children with dietary restrictions.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA/EPA): Supports brain development and cognitive function.
Probiotics: Can aid in digestive health and support the immune system.
Vitamin C: Supports the immune system and overall health.
Vitamin B12: Important for children on a vegetarian or vegan diet to support energy levels and neurological function.
Guidelines to Follow:
Consult a Pediatrician: Always check with a healthcare provider before starting any supplement.
Age-Appropriate Dosages: Ensure that the supplement dosage is suitable for the child's age and weight.
Quality Brands: Choose supplements from reputable brands that are specifically formulated for children.
Dietary Considerations: Use supplements to fill nutritional gaps, not as a replacement for a balanced diet.
Potential Risks:
Overdosing: Avoid giving multiple supplements that might contain the same vitamins/minerals to prevent overdosing.
Allergies: Check for potential allergens in the supplements.
Interactions: Be aware of any interactions with medications the child might be taking.
It is crucial to prioritize a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins for children to meet their nutritional needs naturally whenever possible.
Is CBD a safe supplement?
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CBD (cannabidiol) has gained popularity for its potential health benefits, but its safety and efficacy as a supplement, especially for children, require careful consideration.
Safety of CBD for Children:
Limited Research: There is limited clinical research on the long-term effects of CBD use in children. Most studies focus on adults, with fewer rigorous studies on pediatric populations.
FDA Approval: The FDA has approved a CBD-based drug, Epidiolex, for the treatment of rare forms of epilepsy in children (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome). This indicates some level of safety and efficacy in these specific cases but doesn't generalize to all uses.
Dosage and Purity: The lack of regulation in the CBD market means products can vary significantly in terms of dosage, purity, and quality. It's crucial to ensure that any CBD product used is from a reputable source and accurately labeled.
Potential Side Effects: Common side effects of CBD include drowsiness, fatigue, and gastrointestinal issues. More severe side effects, while rare, can occur and should be monitored.
Interactions with Other Medications: CBD can interact with other medications, potentially altering their effectiveness or causing adverse effects. This is particularly important for children who may be on other treatments.
Recommendations:
Consult a Healthcare Provider: Always discuss with a pediatrician or healthcare provider before giving CBD to a child. They can provide guidance based on the child’s specific health needs and conditions.
Start with Low Doses: If a healthcare provider approves CBD use, start with the lowest possible dose and monitor the child closely for any adverse effects.
Quality and Source: Use high-quality CBD products from reputable manufacturers that provide third-party lab testing results to ensure purity and accurate dosing.
Understand Legalities: The legal status of CBD varies by region, so ensure that its use complies with local laws and regulations.
Summary: While CBD may offer benefits for specific medical conditions like epilepsy, its use as a general supplement for children is not well-supported by extensive research. Parents and caregivers should proceed with caution, prioritizing professional medical advice and high-quality, regulated products.
Regulations on third-party testing labs, particularly those involved in testing consumer products such as food, supplements, pharmaceuticals, and cannabis, are designed to ensure accuracy, reliability, and integrity in testing processes. These regulations vary by country and industry but typically cover accreditation, quality control, reporting standards, and compliance with specific industry guidelines. Below is an overview of key regulations and standards for third-party testing labs:
United States
ISO/IEC 17025: General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
Overview: This international standard specifies the general requirements for the competence, impartiality, and consistent operation of laboratories.
Compliance: Laboratories must demonstrate technical competence and the ability to produce precise and accurate test data.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
Food Testing: Labs that test food products must comply with FDA guidelines for Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs) and must be registered with the FDA.
Drug Testing: Labs involved in pharmaceutical testing must adhere to FDA regulations, including GLPs and Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs).
USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)
Food and Agriculture Products: Labs must comply with USDA regulations and may require specific accreditation for certain types of testing, such as organic certification.
DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)
Controlled Substances: Labs testing controlled substances, including cannabis, must comply with DEA regulations regarding the handling, storage, and reporting of these substances.
European Union
ISO/IEC 17025
Overview: Similar to the U.S., EU labs must comply with this standard to ensure competence and reliable test results.
EU Regulations for Food and Pharmaceuticals
Food Safety: Labs must comply with the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) regulations and standards.
Pharmaceuticals: Labs must adhere to European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs).
Other Regions
International Standards
ISO/IEC 17025: Recognized worldwide as the standard for testing and calibration laboratories.
Country-Specific Regulations
Local Regulatory Bodies: Each country may have specific agencies and regulations governing the operation of third-party testing labs. For example, Health Canada oversees regulations for labs in Canada.
Accreditation
ISO/IEC 17025: Most third-party labs seek accreditation under ISO/IEC 17025 to demonstrate their competence and reliability.
Other Certifications: Depending on the industry, labs may also seek certifications specific to their field, such as GMP for pharmaceuticals.
Quality Control and Assurance
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs): Labs must establish and follow SOPs to ensure consistent and accurate testing.
Proficiency Testing: Participation in proficiency testing programs to benchmark performance and accuracy against other labs.
Documentation and Record-Keeping
Detailed Records: Labs must maintain detailed records of all tests, methods, and results to ensure traceability and accountability.
Audit Trails: Maintain audit trails for all testing activities to facilitate reviews and inspections.
Reporting and Transparency
Clear Reporting: Labs must provide clear and accurate reports to clients, detailing the methods used, results obtained, and any limitations.
Confidentiality: Ensure the confidentiality of client data and test results.
Compliance with Industry-Specific Regulations
Pharmaceuticals: Adherence to GLPs and cGMPs for drug testing.
Food and Agriculture: Compliance with FDA, USDA, or EFSA regulations for food safety testing.
Cannabis: Compliance with state and federal regulations for cannabis testing, including specific requirements for potency, contamination, and safety.
SYNTHESIS OF CBD THC & METABOLISM OF CBD THC
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